Difference between revisions of "Маршрутизация"

From Ilianko
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*geocast - до географска област
 
*geocast - до географска област
  
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==Топология==
  
  
Most routing algorithms use only one network path at a time, but multipath routing techniques enable the use of multiple alternative paths.
 
  
Routing, in a more narrow sense of the term, is often contrasted with bridging in its assumption that network addresses are structured and that similar addresses imply proximity within the network. Because structured addresses allow a single routing table entry to represent the route to a group of devices, structured addressing (routing, in the narrow sense) outperforms unstructured addressing (bridging) in large networks, and has become the dominant form of addressing on the Internet, though bridging is still widely used within localized environments.
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In a practice known as static routing (or non-adaptive routing), small networks may use manually configured routing tables. Larger networks have complex topologies that can change rapidly, making the manual construction of routing tables unfeasible. Nevertheless, most of the public switched telephone network (PSTN) uses pre-computed routing tables, with fallback routes if the most direct route becomes blocked (see routing in the PSTN). Adaptive routing, or dynamic routing, attempts to solve this problem by constructing routing tables automatically, based on information carried by routing protocols, and allowing the network to act nearly autonomously in avoiding network failures and blockages.
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Examples of adaptive-routing algorithms are the Routing Information Protocol (RIP) and the Open-Shortest-Path-First protocol (OSPF). Adaptive routing dominates the Internet. However, the configuration of the routing protocols often requires a skilled touch; networking technology has not developed to the point of the complete automation of routing.

Revision as of 08:04, 7 January 2013

Маршрутизация или рутиране е процес на избиране на път в дадена мрежа, по който да се изпрати мрежовия трафик.

Рутиране има в различни мрежи - телефонни мрежи (комутационни вериги), транспортни мрежи (логистика), компютърни мрежи (пакетна комутация).

В компютърните мрежи информацията се предава на пакети, затова рутирането се занимава с препращането на пакет от комуникационна точка към друга комуникационна точка (нод - възел, който в частност може да е router, bridge, gateway, firewall или switches). Целта е информационният пакет да бъде пренесен от началната точка до крайната точка.

Всеки компютър с подходящ софтуер може да изпълнява роля на някои от тези устройства, но при големи натоварвания се препоръчва специализиран хардуер.

Рутираща машина препраща пакети според своята рутираща таблица, в която са описани пътищата до различни дестинации (мрежи). Затова оптималното конструиране на рутиращата таблица е много важно за ефективно рутиране.


Дестинация.

  • anycast - до всеки от група нодове
  • broadcast - до всички нодове
  • multicast - до група от нодове
  • unicast - до точно определен нод
  • geocast - до географска област

Топология

In a practice known as static routing (or non-adaptive routing), small networks may use manually configured routing tables. Larger networks have complex topologies that can change rapidly, making the manual construction of routing tables unfeasible. Nevertheless, most of the public switched telephone network (PSTN) uses pre-computed routing tables, with fallback routes if the most direct route becomes blocked (see routing in the PSTN). Adaptive routing, or dynamic routing, attempts to solve this problem by constructing routing tables automatically, based on information carried by routing protocols, and allowing the network to act nearly autonomously in avoiding network failures and blockages.

Examples of adaptive-routing algorithms are the Routing Information Protocol (RIP) and the Open-Shortest-Path-First protocol (OSPF). Adaptive routing dominates the Internet. However, the configuration of the routing protocols often requires a skilled touch; networking technology has not developed to the point of the complete automation of routing.